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الرئيسية / الرأي /  لماذا اختارت طهران «الحوثي» حليفًا؟

 لماذا اختارت طهران «الحوثي» حليفًا؟

صورة ذات صلة
عبدالرحمن الراشد
في اليمن، توجد زعامات قبلية زيدية تاريخيًا أكثر أهمية من الحوثيين، وأكثر عددًا منهم، وعائلات أبرز منهم تقول كذلك إنها تنتسب للشجرة النبوية، مثل بيت حميد الدين التي حكمت المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية، ودام حكمها إلى عقد الستينات من القرن الماضي. إنما لأن الحوثيين يستوطنون محافظة صعدة الحدودية وجدت فيهم إيران وسيلة لتهديد السعودية. نشطت في تهيئهم ثقافيًا وتنظيميًا منذ أواخر التسعينات، وأقنعت زعيمهم حسين الحوثي بأن الإمامة في صلب عائلته، والقدسية حق إلهي لها، وحكمهم اليمن فرض ديني على الشعب. وأثارت الجماعة الصغيرة الهامشية، بتبنيها هذه الطروحات، مجتمع اليمن التقليدي؛ أغضبت فقهاء الطائفة الزيدية، الذين كفروها، واشتبكت مع السنة الشافعية في محافظتها. واستمرت إيران تستقبل شباب الحوثيين، وتلحقهم بدورات دينية لتتقارب مع آيديولوجيتها التي تلقن أتباعها بالتبعية المطلقة للمرشد الأعلى في إيران، ومنحتهم تمويلات سخية استمرت على مدى عقد ونصف. في البداية اشتبكوا مع نظام الرئيس السابق علي عبد الله صالح، ثم هاجموا السعودية في عام 2009، رافعين نفس الشعارات الإيرانية. الرياض تحدثت حينها عن علاقة الحوثيين المشبوهة بطهران، لكن لم يرغب كثيرون في أن يصدقوها آنذاك.
أرى تشابهات كثيرة بين نموذجين اخترعهما الإيرانيون؛ حزب الله في لبنان، والحوثي في اليمن. فقد دخل الإيرانيون على خط الطائفة الشيعية اللبنانية وهمشوا تقريبًا كل زعاماتها التقليدية والدينية، ونصبوا محلها زعامات مجهولة، مثل حسن نصر الله، الذي منح ولاءه المطلق للمرجعية الإيرانية. وكافأته طهران، في المقابل، بوسائل السيطرة على لبنان، قامت بتمويل ميليشياته وتدريبها، وتمويل منظومة اجتماعية موالية له، وأقصت من اللعبة كل من اختلف مع توجهاته أو عارض زعامته. حسين الحوثي، مثل حسن نصر الله، بمساندة نظام طهران صار زعيمًا، ومثله يستغل مزاعم انتسابه لآل البيت والقدسية لتبرير مطلب الإمامة وشن الحروب «الجهادية» الدينية.
قد يوحي هذا الوصف بالتناقض مع ما ذكرته في بداية المقال، أن السياسة يجب ألا تقرأ وفق خرائط طائفية أو عرقية، لكن في الواقع إيران تستخدم كل فريق وفق مشتركاتها معه، فاستخدمت «حماس» و«الجهاد الإسلامي» السنيتين في غزة، وكذلك بعض القوى السنية في شمال لبنان في فترات سابقة. ومن المألوف أن نرى بين ضيوفها الذين يجلسون في الصف الأول سنة ومسيحيين عربًا، قوميين وشيوعيين، وذلك في مناسبات دعائية مثل «يوم القدس» في طهران، وفي احتفاليات خطب حسن نصر الله في الضاحية البيروتية، بعضهم يعترف اليوم أنه اكتشف الحقيقة متأخرًا.
وفي نفس إطار التحليل الواقعي للسياسة الإيرانية، لا العاطفي أو الدعائي، نجدها اليوم منخرطة في نزاع كبير شمال حدودها بين دولتي أذربيجان وأرمينيا، حيث تساند طهران بشكل كامل أرمينيا المسيحية ضد أذربيجان الشيعية، وفي داخل إيران تقمع عرب الأحواز، وغالبيتهم شيعة. هذه هي الواقعية كما يجب علينا أن نفهمها.
ووفق منهجها الواقعي، نجد إيران تستغل الورقة الطائفية في العراق، حيث توالي بشكل صريح القوى السياسية الشيعية، لأنها ترجو أن يحققوا لها أهم مشاريعها السياسية، بالهيمنة على القرار في بغداد، والاستيلاء غير المباشر على هذه الدولة ثرية الموارد والمهمة إقليميًا وعالميًا. وهي وراء تهميش الجيش العراقي، حيث شجعت ودعمت تأسيس ميليشيات منافسة له، مثل «الحشد الشعبي»، لأنها لا تثق في الجيش المتشكل من فئات عرقية وطائفية مختلطة. كما أنها تدعم الفوضى الحالية التي تستهدف إضعاف حكم حيدر العبادي، مستعينة بشخصيات عراقية مثل نوري المالكي، رئيس الوزراء السابق.
لقد كان من الصعب إقناع التيار الكبير من العرب، الذي ظل لأكثر من عقدين يصدق الدعاية الإيرانية إلى أن وقعت حرب الإبادة في سوريا، التي لإيران دور كبير في جرائمها. حربها في سوريا أفسدت عليها صورتها ومخططاتها، وخسرت بسببها تأييد معظم العرب والمسلمين المخدوعين بها، وكذلك أحرجت حلفاءها السنة مثل «الإخوان المسلمين»، واليسار العربي، وغيرهم. وفي اليمن أيضًا، دعمها للحوثيين وضعها في مواجهة الأغلبية هناك.

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